New water-based tin batteries show promise
A new water-based tin battery technology is emerging as a simple but effective approach to storing energy. Technically known as ’aqueous tin batteries (ATB)’ these use a tin-based anode and a water-based electrolyte. The technology may have potential as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to traditional lithium-ion batteries, with the added benefits of low toxicity and improved safety.
Tin has a unique advantage in this new family of aqueous metal batteries in that it is more immune from side reactions that generate hydrogen. However, several challenges need to be overcome for aqueous tin batteries to reach their full potential.
One of the main issues is the instability of Sn²⁺ in the electrolyte, which tends to oxidise to Sn⁴⁺ with limited reversibility, leading to performance degradation over time. Also, uneven deposition of tin during the charge-discharge cycles can cause poor reversibility and lower the overall efficiency of the battery.
Recently published research has demonstrated several strategies that can significantly improve the performance and stability of ATBs.
One promising solution to address the instability of Sn²⁺ is the introduction of hydroquinone, a powerful antioxidant. Chinese scientists have used hydroquinone to react with reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the electrolyte, preventing the oxidation of Sn²⁺, enhancing the overall stability of the electrolyte.
A second team of researchers from Singapore and China have discovered another effective solution using silver-coated vertical graphene (Ag-VG) as a host material for the tin anode. This material incorporates tin-attracting silver sites that promote uniform tin deposition, reducing issues related to uneven deposition.
These findings reflect a growing interest in ATBs amongst scientists, further demonstrating the many ways that tin can contribute to a greener future. With further optimisation, these approaches could help overcome critical barriers to commercialisation, offering an alternate solution for large-scale energy storage applications.
To see more tin innovations visit Tin Valley where growing communities of tin scientists are showcasing their work and discussing their latest discoveries.
